Section I – Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility
Rule 6 - Safe speed
Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:
(a) By all vessel:
(i) the state of visibility;
(ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;
(iii) the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions;
(iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights;
(v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;
(vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water.
(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:
(i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;
(ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;
(iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;
(iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range;
(v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar;
(vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.
Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:
(a) By all vessel:
(i) the state of visibility;
(ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;
(iii) the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions;
(iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights;
(v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;
(vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water.
(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:
(i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;
(ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;
(iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;
(iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range;
(v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar;
(vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.
Questions & Answers
Q1. Describe a safe speed by all vessels?
A1. Every vessel shall go at a safe speed so that you can stop your vessel in half the distance you can see and use the other half to manoeuvre away from danger, taking the following factors into account:-
By all vessels:-
(i) the state of visibility
(ii) density of traffic
(iii) how manoeuvrable your vessel is, and how quick you can stop your vessel
(iv) the glare of your lights or light from the shore, you might not see the harbour entrance
(v) weather, sea state and any navigation hazards
(vi) the draught of your own vessel
Q2. Describe a safe speed by vessels with operational radar?
A2. (i) the limitations of your radar
(ii) the scale in use ( too small a scale could be hiding targets )
(iii) weather, sea and rain clutter ( target could be hiding in clutter )
(iv) ice, small vessels not detected by radar
(v) vessels detected by radar
(vi) determine the range of other vessels
A1. Every vessel shall go at a safe speed so that you can stop your vessel in half the distance you can see and use the other half to manoeuvre away from danger, taking the following factors into account:-
By all vessels:-
(i) the state of visibility
(ii) density of traffic
(iii) how manoeuvrable your vessel is, and how quick you can stop your vessel
(iv) the glare of your lights or light from the shore, you might not see the harbour entrance
(v) weather, sea state and any navigation hazards
(vi) the draught of your own vessel
Q2. Describe a safe speed by vessels with operational radar?
A2. (i) the limitations of your radar
(ii) the scale in use ( too small a scale could be hiding targets )
(iii) weather, sea and rain clutter ( target could be hiding in clutter )
(iv) ice, small vessels not detected by radar
(v) vessels detected by radar
(vi) determine the range of other vessels
Q3. Define the term " safe speed"?
A3. A safe speed whereby a collision can be avoided
It depends on - Circumstances and conditions at the time
It applies to - All vessels, power-driven vessels and sailing vessels.
It depends on - Circumstances and conditions at the time
It applies to - All vessels, power-driven vessels and sailing vessels.
Q4. Which factors shall be taken into account by all vessels in determining a safe speed?
A4. By all vessels:
The state of visibility
The traffic density
Manoeuvrability of the vessel
Stopping distance
The state of visibility
The traffic density
Manoeuvrability of the vessel
Stopping distance
Turning ability
Background lights
The state of wind, sea and current
The proximity of navigational hazards
The draught in relation to the available depth of water
Background lights
The state of wind, sea and current
The proximity of navigational hazards
The draught in relation to the available depth of water
Q5. Which factors shall be taken into account with regards to traffic density?
A5. Traffic density:
Light or heavy traffic areas
Traffic separation schemes
The number of fishing vessels in the vicinity
A convoy of warships
Vessels at anchor
Light or heavy traffic areas
Traffic separation schemes
The number of fishing vessels in the vicinity
A convoy of warships
Vessels at anchor
Q6. Which are the factors that determine the manoeuverability of vessel?
A6. Manoeuvrability of the vessel:
Type of engines (steam, diesel, turbine, etc)
Power of the engine
Stopping distance
Turning circle
Fast or slow vessel
Manoeuvrability with regard to:
Condition of loading, draught & trim
Type of engines (steam, diesel, turbine, etc)
Power of the engine
Stopping distance
Turning circle
Fast or slow vessel
Manoeuvrability with regard to:
Condition of loading, draught & trim
Q7. What "precautionary measures" should you take before you were appointed as Chief Officer on a large ship or on a ship with unusual manuvering characteristic?
A7. Refer to Merchant Shipping Notice No M.1015.
Q8. What are the consequences of wind, sea and current on a ship proceeding at a reduce speed?
A8. State of wind, sea and current:
Reducing speed - Greater drift by wind & by current
Adverse weather conditions - Vessel is less manoeuvrable
Fishing boats, yachts, buoys, etc are less visible
Navigational hazards may require the vessel to maintain a safe speed
Reducing speed - Greater drift by wind & by current
Adverse weather conditions - Vessel is less manoeuvrable
Fishing boats, yachts, buoys, etc are less visible
Navigational hazards may require the vessel to maintain a safe speed
Q9. How will the vessel behave when she has insufficient water under the keel?
A9. Insufficient depth of water:
Must reduce speed
Difficult to steer
Reduced manoeuvrability
Interaction
Bank suction
Bank rejection
Must reduce speed
Difficult to steer
Reduced manoeuvrability
Interaction
Bank suction
Bank rejection
Q10. What is interaction and what are the danger inherent to it?
A10. Refer to Marine Guidance Note MGN 199 (M).
Q11. What factors should be taken into account by vessel with operational radar?
A11. Rule 6 (b).
Q12. Enumerate the main characteristics which determine the efficiency of radar.
A12. Efficiency of radar:
Range performance
Minimum range
Diameter of PPI
Scale of display
Plotting facilities
Range accuracy
Heading indicator
Bearing accuracy
Azimuth stabilisation
Q13. Comment the choice of range scale to be use.
A13. Radar long range observation:
Early observation of targets
Allows plotting
Helps avoiding close-quarters situations
Early observation of land, sea marks and Coasts
Loss of accuracy
Q14.What is the degree of confident you can put in the use of radar as a means to avoid collision?
A14. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.1.
Q15. How should you interpret the observe echo in the radar?
A15. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.2, 2.3 & 2.4.
Q16. How can you estimate the degree of risk of collision with another vessel?
A16. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.5.
Q17. Enumerate the factors that should influence your choice of range scales for radar observation.
A17. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.6.
Q18. How should you use and appreciate radar observations as a means of avoiding collision?
A18. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.7 to 2.10.
Q19. When it is opportune to practice with radar?
A19. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.11.
Q20. When should the radar be kept operational?
A20. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.12 & 2.13.
Q21. What did you know about parallel index techniques?
A21. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.14 to 2.20.
Q22. When and how should the radar performance be check?
A22. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.21 to 2.24.
Q23. Which additional checks should you perform with ARPA?
A23. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.25 to 2.27.
Q24. Should you rely 100% on the GPS and GLONASS?
A24. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 4.
Q25. What did you know about ECDIS?
A25. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 5.
Q11. What factors should be taken into account by vessel with operational radar?
A11. Rule 6 (b).
Q12. Enumerate the main characteristics which determine the efficiency of radar.
A12. Efficiency of radar:
Range performance
Minimum range
Diameter of PPI
Scale of display
Plotting facilities
Range accuracy
Heading indicator
Bearing accuracy
Azimuth stabilisation
Q13. Comment the choice of range scale to be use.
A13. Radar long range observation:
Early observation of targets
Allows plotting
Helps avoiding close-quarters situations
Early observation of land, sea marks and Coasts
Loss of accuracy
Q14.What is the degree of confident you can put in the use of radar as a means to avoid collision?
A14. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.1.
Q15. How should you interpret the observe echo in the radar?
A15. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.2, 2.3 & 2.4.
Q16. How can you estimate the degree of risk of collision with another vessel?
A16. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.5.
Q17. Enumerate the factors that should influence your choice of range scales for radar observation.
A17. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.6.
Q18. How should you use and appreciate radar observations as a means of avoiding collision?
A18. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.7 to 2.10.
Q19. When it is opportune to practice with radar?
A19. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.11.
Q20. When should the radar be kept operational?
A20. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.12 & 2.13.
Q21. What did you know about parallel index techniques?
A21. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.14 to 2.20.
Q22. When and how should the radar performance be check?
A22. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.21 to 2.24.
Q23. Which additional checks should you perform with ARPA?
A23. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.25 to 2.27.
Q24. Should you rely 100% on the GPS and GLONASS?
A24. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 4.
Q25. What did you know about ECDIS?
A25. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 5.
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